Oath of Words Only Once Again

Adjuration taken by new President of the U.s.a.

Chief Justice John Roberts administering the presidential oath of office to Joe Biden on Jan xx, 2021.

The oath of office of the president of the United States is the oath or affirmation that the president of the United States takes upon bold role. The wording of the oath is specified in Article 2, Section I, Clause eight, of the United States Constitution, and a new president must take it earlier exercising or carrying out whatever official powers or duties.

This clause is one of 3 oath or affirmation clauses in the Constitution, merely it is the only one that actually specifies the words that must be spoken. Article I, Department three requires Senators, when sitting to try impeachments, to be "on Oath or Affirmation." Article Half-dozen, Clause 3, similarly requires the persons specified therein to "be jump past adjuration or affirmation, to support this Constitution." The presidential oath requires much more than that full general adjuration of allegiance and fidelity. This clause enjoins the new president to swear or affirm that he "will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."^[1]

Text [edit]

Before he enter on the Execution of his Part, he shall take the following Oath or Affidavit:— "I practice solemnly swear (or affirm) that I volition faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." ^[2]

Swearing-in ceremony [edit]

A newly elected or re-elected president of the U.s. begins their 4-year term of office at noon on the twentieth mean solar day of January following the election, and, by tradition, takes the oath of role during an inauguration on that date; prior to 1937 the president's term of function began on March iv.^[3] If January 20 falls on a Sunday, the president will be sworn in that day by taking the oath privately, only will then re-take the adjuration in a public ceremony the next mean solar day, on Jan 21.

Nine vice presidents take succeeded to the presidency upon the death or resignation of the president. In these situations the adjuration of function was administered to the new president equally quickly every bit possible, as doing and so immune the presidency to continue uninterrupted.^[4]

Administration of the oath [edit]

While the Constitution does not mandate that anyone in particular should administer the presidential oath of office, it has been administered by the chief justice beginning with John Adams, except post-obit the death of a sitting president. George Washington was sworn into office during his starting time inauguration, on April 30, 1789, by Chancellor of New York Robert Livingston.^{[5] [vi]} William Cranch, chief guess of the U.S. Circuit Court, administered the oath to Millard Fillmore on July 10, 1850, when he became president after the death of Zachary Taylor.^[7] Upon beingness informed of Warren Harding's death, while visiting his family habitation in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, Calvin Coolidge was sworn in equally president past his male parent, John Calvin Coolidge Sr., a notary public.^{[8] [nine]} Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the oath of role to Lyndon B. Johnson aboard Air Forcefulness One later John F. Kennedy's assassination on Nov 22, 1963; the only time a adult female has administered the oath of role. Overall, the presidential oath has been administered by 15 chief justices (i of whom—William Howard Taft—was also a former president), one associate justice, iv federal judges, two New York state judges, and one notary public.

Option of taking an oath or an affirmation [edit]

The Ramble language gives the selection to "assert" instead of "swear." While the reasons for this are not documented, information technology may relate to sure Christians, including Quakers, who apply this scripture literally: "Only above all things, my brethren, swear non, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by whatsoever other oath: but let your yea be yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation" (James 5:12, KJV).^[ten] Franklin Pierce was the only president known to use the word "affirm" rather than "swear." Herbert Hoover is frequently listed to have used "affirm" likewise, owing to his being a Quaker, but a newsreel taken of the ceremony indicates that the words used were "solemnly swear."^[11] Richard Nixon, who was too a Quaker, swore, rather than affirmed.^{[12] [thirteen]}

Forms of administering the oath [edit]

There have been two forms of administering, and taking, the oath of office.

Under the starting time form, now in decay, the administrator articulated the constitutional oath in the form of a question, and modifying the wording from the first to the second person, as in, "Do you, George Washington, solemnly swear ..." and and so requested an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completed the oath.^{[ citation needed ]}

It is believed that this was the mutual procedure at least until the early on 20th century. In 1881, the New York Times commodity roofing the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so assist me God."^[14] In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Primary Justice William H. Taft began the adjuration uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, practice you solemnly swear ...",^[15] Hoover replied with a simple "I do."^[xvi]

Under the second, and current form, the administrator articulates the oath in the affirmative, and in the first person, then that the president takes the oath past repeating it verbatim.^{[ commendation needed ]} Franklin Roosevelt, in 1933, stood silent as Master Justice Charles Evans Hughes recited the entire oath, and then repeated that oath from commencement to terminate himself.^[17] Past the time of Harry Truman's inauguration in 1949, the practice was for the chief justice to utter the oath in phrases, with the president repeating those phrases, until the oath was completed.^[18]

Use of Bibles [edit]

Joe Biden takes the oath of function on the Biden family unit Bible, January 20, 2021

Past convention, incoming presidents raise their correct hand and place the left on a Bible while taking the oath of function. In 1789, George Washington took the oath of part with an chantry Bible borrowed from the St. John's Lodge No. one, Aboriginal York Masons lodge in New York, and he kissed the Bible afterward.^{[19] [20]} Subsequent presidents up to and including Harry S. Truman, followed adjust.^[21] Dwight D. Eisenhower said a prayer in the end instead of kissing the Bible in 1953.^[22]

Theodore Roosevelt did not employ the Bible when taking the oath in 1901,^[23] nor did John Quincy Adams, who swore on a book of constabulary, with the intention that he was swearing on the constitution.^[24] Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in on a Roman Catholic missal on Air Force One.^[25] Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump each swore the oath on two Bibles.^[23] The large leather-jump Bible used by Joe Biden had been in the Biden family unit since 1893.^[26]

"So aid me God" [edit]

The First Congress explicitly prescribed the phrase "So help me God" in oaths nether the Judiciary Act of 1789 for all U.Southward. judges and officers other than the president. It was prescribed even before under the various commencement land constitutions^[27] besides as past the Second Continental Congress in 1776.^{[28] [29]} Although the phrase is mandatory in these oaths, the said Act as well allows for the selection that the phrase be omitted past the officer, in which case it would be chosen an affirmation instead of an oath: "Which words, then help me God, shall be omitted in all cases where an affirmation is admitted instead of an oath."^[30] In dissimilarity, the adjuration of the president is the only oath specified in the Constitution. Information technology does non include the closing phrase "So assist me God," and it also allows for the optional form of an affirmation which is not considered an oath. In practice, however, most presidents, at least during the last century, have opted to take the oath (rather than an affirmation), to use a Bible to do so, and as well to close the adjuration with the customary phrase.

At that place is currently debate as to whether or not George Washington, the offset president, added the phrase to his credence of the oath.^[31] The earliest known source indicating Washington added "And then help me God" to his acceptance, not to the oath, is attributed to Washington Irving, aged vi at the time of the inauguration, and outset appears 65 years later the event.^[32] The simply contemporary account that repeats the oath in full, a report from the French consul, Comte de Moustier, states but the constitutional adjuration,^[33] without reference to Washington'due south adding "So aid me God" to his acceptance.

The historical argue over who first used "So help me God" is marred by ignoring the ii forms of giving the oath. The first, now in decay, is when the administrator articulates the constitutional oath in the form of a question, as in, "Do yous George Washington solemnly swear ...", requesting an affirmation. At that betoken a response of "I do" or "I swear" completes the oath. Without verbatim transcripts, the scant existing testify shows this was the mutual process at least until the early on 20th century. In 1865 the Sacramento Daily Marriage covered the 2nd inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln finished his adjuration with "So aid me God," and he kissed the Bible.^[34] Yet, the Daily Union's account seems embellished in a number of means, and other paper accounts, published closer in fourth dimension to the ceremony, exercise not mention Lincoln'southward uttering the phrase.^[35] In 1881, the New York Times commodity covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I volition, and then help me God."^[14] In 1929, Fourth dimension magazine reported that the master justice began the adjuration uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, practice you solemnly swear ..."^[fifteen] Hoover replied with a unproblematic "I do."

A contemporaneous newspaper account of Lincoln's 1865 inauguration states that Lincoln appended the phrase "So help me God" to the oath.^[34] This newspaper report is followed past another account, provided after in the same twelvemonth afterward Lincoln's decease (Apr 15, 1865), that Lincoln said "So assist me God" during his oath.^[36] The evidence pertaining to the 1865 inauguration is much stronger than that pertaining to Lincoln'south 1861 utilise of the phrase. Several sources merits that Lincoln said "So help me God" at his 1861 inauguration, all the same these sources were not contemporaneous to the event.^{[37] [38]} During the speech communication, Lincoln stated that his oath was "registered in Sky,"^[39] something some have taken every bit indicating he likely uttered the phrase "So help me God." Conversely, at that place was a claim made by A. Thou. Milligan (a Presbyterian government minister who advocated for an official Christian U.S. authorities) that letters were sent to Abraham Lincoln asking him to swear to God during his inaugurations, and Lincoln allegedly wrote back proverb that God'due south name was not in the Constitution, and he could non depart from the letter of that instrument.^{[forty] [ full citation needed ] [41]}

All federal judges and executive officers were required as early as 1789 by statute to include the phrase unless they affirmed, in which instance the phrase must exist omitted.^[42] Given that nearly every president-elect since President Franklin D. Roosevelt has recited the additional phrase, information technology is likely that the bulk of presidents-elect have uttered it.^[43]

Oath mishaps [edit]

Barack Obama existence administered the oath of office by Chief Justice John Roberts for the 2d fourth dimension, on January 21, 2009.

• In 1909, when President William Howard Taft was sworn in, Chief Justice Melville Fuller misquoted the oath, only the error was not publicized at the time. The mistake was like to the one Taft himself would brand twenty years later when swearing in President Hoover. Recalling the incident, Taft wrote, "When I was sworn in as president by Chief Justice Fuller, he made a similar slip," and added, "just in those days when there was no radio, information technology was observed merely in the Senate chamber where I took the oath."^[15]
• In 1929, Chief Justice Taft, himself formerly a president of the United states of america, garbled the adjuration when he swore in President Herbert Hoover using the words "preserve, maintain, and defend the Constitution," instead of "preserve, protect, and defend." The fault was picked upwardly past schoolgirl Helen Terwilliger on the radio. Taft somewhen acknowledged his error, but did not think information technology was important, and Hoover did non retake the adjuration. In Taft's view, his departure from the text did not invalidate the oath.^{[15] [44] [45]}
• In 1945, President Harry S. Truman's blank initial caused an unusual slip when he first became president and took the oath. At a coming together in the Cabinet Room, Master Justice Harlan Stone, plainly mistaken about the meaning of Truman's eye initial (which is not an abbreviation but rather the whole middle name in itself), began reading the oath past saying "I, Harry Shipp Truman, ..." Truman responded: "I, Harry Due south Truman, ..."^[46]
• In both his 1953 and 1957 inaugurations, Dwight D. Eisenhower read the line "the part of President of the United States" equally "the part of the President of the United States," even as principal justices Fred Vinson (in 1953) and Earl Warren (in 1957) said the line correctly.
• In 1965, Main Justice Earl Warren prompted Lyndon Johnson to say, "the Office of the Presidency of the Usa."^[47]
• In 1973, President Richard Nixon added the word "and" between "preserve" and "protect," resulting in "preserve and protect, and defend the Constitution of the U.s.a.." Nixon had recited the line correctly during his first inauguration.
• In 2009, Chief Justice John Roberts, while administering the oath to Barack Obama, incorrectly recited part of the oath. Roberts prompted, "That I will execute the Part of President to the Usa faithfully." Obama stopped at "execute," and waited for Roberts to correct himself. Roberts, after a simulated starting time, then followed Obama's "execute" with "faithfully," which results in "execute faithfully," which is too wrong. Obama then repeated Roberts' initial, incorrect prompt, with the word "faithfully" after "Usa."^{[48] [49]} The oath was re-administered the next 24-hour interval by Roberts at the White Firm.^{[l] [51]}

Listing of swearing-in events [edit]

Since the office of President of the Us came into existence in 1789 there have been 59 public swearing-in ceremonies to mark the commencement of a new four-year presidential term, plus an additional nine marking the showtime of a fractional presidential term following the intra-term decease or resignation of an incumbent president. With the 2021 inauguration of Joe Biden, the presidential oath has been taken 76 different times past 45 persons. This numerical discrepancy results chiefly from two factors: a president must take the oath at the first of each term of function, and, considering Inauguration Day has sometimes fallen on a Sunday, five presidents accept taken the oath privately before the public inauguration ceremony. In improver, three have repeated the oath as a precaution against potential later constitutional challenges.^[52]

Engagement	Type	Event[a]	Location	Oath administered by
Apr xxx, 1789 (Th)	Public	Offset inauguration of George Washington	Balustrade, Federal Hall New York, New York	Robert Livingston Chancellor of New York
March 4, 1793 (Monday)	Public	Second inauguration of George Washington	Senate Chamber, Congress Hall Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	William Cushing Acquaintance Justice, U.South. Supreme Courtroom
March 4, 1797 (Saturday)	Public	Inauguration of John Adams	Firm Chamber, Congress Hall	Oliver Ellsworth Main Justice of the United States
March 4, 1801 (Wednesday)	Public	First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson	Senate Bedroom, U.S. Capitol Washington, D.C.	John Marshall Chief Justice of the United states of america
March 4, 1805 (Monday)	Public	Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson	Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol	John Marshall Master Justice
March four, 1809 (Saturday)	Public	Outset inauguration of James Madison	Firm Sleeping room, U.S. Capitol	John Marshall Chief Justice
March 4, 1813 (Thursday)	Public	2d inauguration of James Madison	House Chamber, U.S. Capitol	John Marshall Chief Justice
March 4, 1817 (Tuesday)	Public	First inauguration of James Monroe	Front steps, Old Brick Capitol	John Marshall Chief Justice
March 5, 1821 [b] (Monday)	Public	Second inauguration of James Monroe	House Bedchamber, U.Due south. Capitol	John Marshall Primary Justice
March four, 1825 (Fri)	Public	Inauguration of John Quincy Adams	Business firm Chamber, U.S. Capitol	John Marshall Chief Justice
March 4, 1829 (Wednesday)	Public	First inauguration of Andrew Jackson	Due east Portico, U.S. Capitol	John Marshall Primary Justice
March 4, 1833 (Monday)	Public	Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson	House Chamber, U.S. Capitol	John Marshall Principal Justice
March 4, 1837 (Sabbatum)	Public	Inauguration of Martin Van Buren	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Roger B. Taney Chief Justice of the The states
March iv, 1841 (Thursday)	Public	Inauguration of William Henry Harrison	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Roger B. Taney Chief Justice
Apr 6, 1841 [c] (Tuesday)	Private	Inauguration of John Tyler	Chocolate-brown'south Indian Queen Hotel, Washington, D.C.	William Cranch Principal Judge, U.Southward. Circuit Court of the Commune of Columbia
March four, 1845 (Tuesday)	Public	Inauguration of James K. Polk	Eastward Portico, U.Due south. Capitol	Roger B. Taney Main Justice
March 5, 1849 [b] (Monday)	Public	Inauguration of Zachary Taylor	East Portico, U.Southward. Capitol	Roger B. Taney Master Justice
July 10, 1850 [d] (Wednesday)	Public	Inauguration of Millard Fillmore	House Chamber, U.S. Capitol	William Cranch Circuit Courtroom Estimate
March 4, 1853 (Friday)	Public	Inauguration of Franklin Pierce	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Roger B. Taney Principal Justice
March 4, 1857 (Wednesday)	Public	Inauguration of James Buchanan	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Roger B. Taney Chief Justice
March 4, 1861 (Monday)	Public	First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln	Eastward Portico, U.S. Capitol	Roger B. Taney Chief Justice
March 4, 1865 (Sat)	Public	2nd inauguration of Abraham Lincoln	East Portico, U.South. Capitol	Salmon P. Chase Chief Justice of the United States
April 15, 1865 (Saturday)	Individual	Inauguration of Andrew Johnson	Kirkwood House Hotel, Washington, D.C.	Salmon P. Chase Primary Justice
March 4, 1869 (Thursday)	Public	Outset inauguration of Ulysses Due south. Grant	Due east Portico, U.S. Capitol	Salmon P. Chase Principal Justice
March 4, 1873 (Tuesday)	Public	Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Salmon P. Chase Chief Justice
March 3, 1877 [53] [b] (Saturday)	Private	Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes	Ruddy Room, White House	Morrison Waite Main Justice of the U.s.a.
March five, 1877 [b] (Mon)	Public		East Portico, U.S. Capitol
March four, 1881 (Friday)	Public	Inauguration of James A. Garfield	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Morrison Waite Main Justice
September 20, 1881 [54] [due east] (Tuesday)	Private	Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur	Chester A. Arthur Dwelling, New York, New York	John R. Brady Justice of the New York Supreme Courtroom
September 22, 1881 [due east] (Th)	Public		The Vice President'south Room, U.S. Capitol	Morrison Waite Primary Justice
March 4, 1885 (Wed)	Public	Commencement inauguration of Grover Cleveland	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Morrison Waite Chief Justice
March iv, 1889 (Monday)	Public	Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison	East Portico, U.Due south. Capitol	Melville Fuller Primary Justice of the United States
March 4, 1893 (Saturday)	Public	Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland	East Portico, U.Due south. Capitol	Melville Fuller Master Justice
March 4, 1897 (Thursday)	Public	Starting time inauguration of William McKinley	Front of original Senate Wing U.S. Capitol	Melville Fuller Chief Justice
March 4, 1901 (Monday)	Public	2nd inauguration of William McKinley	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Melville Fuller Master Justice
September 14, 1901 (Saturday)	Private	First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt	Ansley Wilcox Dwelling house, Buffalo, New York	John R. Hazel Judge, U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York
March 4, 1905 (Saturday)	Public	2d inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt	East Portico, U.South. Capitol	Melville Fuller Chief Justice
March 4, 1909 (Thursday)	Public	Inauguration of William Howard Taft	Senate Chamber, U.Southward. Capitol	Melville Fuller Chief Justice
March 4, 1913 (Tuesday)	Public	First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Edward D. White Chief Justice of the United States
March four, 1917 [55] (Sunday)	Private	Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson	The President's Room, U.S. Capitol	Edward D. White Principal Justice
March 5, 1917 [b] (Monday)	Public		E Portico, U.S. Capitol
March four, 1921 (Friday)	Public	Inauguration of Warren One thousand. Harding	East Portico, U.Due south. Capitol	Edward D. White Primary Justice
August three, 1923 [56] [f] (Friday)	Private	First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge	Coolidge Homestead, Plymouth Notch, Vermont	John Calvin Coolidge Vermont justice of the peace
August 21, 1923 [56] [f] (Tuesday)	Private		Willard Hotel Washington, D.C.	Adolph A. Hoehling Jr. Judge, U.South. District Court for the District of Columbia
March four, 1925 (Wednesday)	Public	Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	William H. Taft Principal Justice of the United States
March 4, 1929 (Monday)	Public	Inauguration of Herbert Hoover	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	William H. Taft Chief Justice
March 4, 1933 (Saturday)	Public	Offset inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt	East Portico, U.South. Capitol	Charles East. Hughes Principal Justice of the U.s.a.
Jan 20, 1937 (Wednesday)	Public	Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Charles E. Hughes Chief Justice
January 20, 1941 (Monday)	Public	Tertiary inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Charles E. Hughes Primary Justice
January 20, 1945 (Sabbatum)	Public	Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt	Due south Portico, White House	Harlan F. Stone Chief Justice of the United States
April 12, 1945 (Thursday)	Individual	Outset inauguration of Harry S. Truman	Cabinet Room, White House	Harlan F. Stone Chief Justice
January 20, 1949 (Th)	Public	Second inauguration of Harry South. Truman	Due east Portico, U.Southward. Capitol	Fred Chiliad. Vinson Main Justice of the United States
January xx, 1953 (Tuesday)	Public	First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower	East Portico, U.South. Capitol	Fred Thousand. Vinson Chief Justice
January 20, 1957 (Lord's day)	Private	Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower	Eastward Room, White Business firm	Earl Warren Main Justice of the United states
January 21, 1957 [thousand] (Mon)	Public		E Portico, U.S. Capitol
January 20, 1961 (Friday)	Public	Inauguration of John F. Kennedy	East Portico, U.Due south. Capitol	Earl Warren Main Justice
November 22, 1963 (Friday)	Private	First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson	Air Force I, Dallas Love Field, Dallas, Texas	Sarah T. Hughes Judge, U.South. District Court for the Northern Commune of Texas
January 20, 1965 (Wednesday)	Public	Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Earl Warren Chief Justice
Jan 20, 1969 (Mon)	Public	Get-go inauguration of Richard Nixon	East Portico, U.Southward. Capitol	Earl Warren Chief Justice
January twenty, 1973 (Saturday)	Public	Second inauguration of Richard Nixon	Due east Portico, U.S. Capitol	Warren Burger Chief Justice of the United States
August 9, 1974 (Friday)	Public	Inauguration of Gerald Ford	East Room, White House	Warren Burger Chief Justice
January 20, 1977 (Th)	Public	Inauguration of Jimmy Carter	E Portico, U.S. Capitol	Warren Burger Chief Justice
Jan 20, 1981 (Tuesday)	Public	First inauguration of Ronald Reagan	West Front, U.Due south. Capitol	Warren Burger Chief Justice
January xx, 1985 (Lord's day)	Private	Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan	Entrance Hall, White House	Warren Burger Primary Justice
January 21, 1985 [g] (Monday)	Public		Rotunda, U.Southward. Capitol
January 20, 1989 (Fri)	Public	Inauguration of George H. W. Bush	West Front, U.Due south. Capitol	William Rehnquist Chief Justice of the United states of america
Jan 20, 1993 (Wednesday)	Public	First inauguration of Pecker Clinton	Westward Front, U.South. Capitol	William Rehnquist Chief Justice
January 20, 1997 (Monday)	Public	Second inauguration of Beak Clinton	Westward Forepart, U.S. Capitol	William Rehnquist Primary Justice
January xx, 2001 (Saturday)	Public	Start inauguration of George West. Bush-league	West Front, U.Due south. Capitol	William Rehnquist Primary Justice
January twenty, 2005 (Th)	Public	Second inauguration of George Due west. Bush	West Front, U.S. Capitol	William Rehnquist Primary Justice
January 20, 2009 (Tuesday)	Public	Kickoff inauguration of Barack Obama	West Forepart, U.Southward. Capitol	John Roberts Chief Justice of the U.s.
January 21, 2009 [57] [h] (Midweek)	Private		Map Room, White House
Jan xx, 2013 [58] (Sunday)	Private	2d inauguration of Barack Obama	Blueish Room, White House	John Roberts Chief Justice
January 21, 2013 [g] (Monday)	Public		West Forepart, U.S. Capitol
January 20, 2017 (Fri)	Public	Inauguration of Donald Trump	West Front, U.S. Capitol	John Roberts Chief Justice
Jan 20, 2021 (Wednesday)	Public	Inauguration of Joe Biden	W Front end, U.S. Capitol	John Roberts Chief Justice
ZZZDate	ZZZType	ZZZEvent	ZZZLocation	ZZZAdjuration administered by

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Inaugurations sort alphabetically past president'due south terminal name.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Term began Sunday, March four.
3. ^ Term began when President Harrison died on April 4.
4. ^ Term began when President Taylor died on July 9.
5. ^ ^{a b} Term began when President Garfield died on September 19.
6. ^ ^{a b} Term began when President Harding died on August 2.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Term began Sunday, January xx.
8. ^ Adjuration repeated later "mishap" at the public ceremony.

Map showing locations where the oath of office was get-go taken, marked with a green 'O' (or a dark-green dot for scheduled occurrences). Locations where presidencies ended unexpectedly are marked with a cerise 'X' (a cherry dot denoted scheduled transitions). The nine sets of names shown in black denote the location where presidencies take ended intra-term due to the incumbent's death (four presidents have died of natural causes and four were assassinated—names underlined in grey) or resignation (one, noted past a superscript 'R'). The inset at the lesser of the map is Adjuration or Affirmation Clause (Commodity II, Department One, Clause 8) of the U.Southward. Constitution.

See too [edit]

• Presidential Succession Act
• Adjuration of part of the vice president of the United States

References [edit]

1. ^ Kesavan, Vasan. "Essays on Article Two: Oath of Office". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
2. ^ "The Constitution of the U.s.a. of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Centennial Edition, Acting Edition: Assay of Cases Decided past the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26, 2013" (PDF). Washington, DC: U.South. Government Printing Role. 2013. p. 13.
3. ^ Larson, Edward J.; Shesol, Jeff. "Twentieth Amendment". Interactive Constitution. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. Retrieved Baronial i, 2019.
4. ^ Arbelbide, C. L. (Winter 2000). "Precipitous Transition". Prologue. Vol. 32, no. 4. Washington, D.C.: National Archives. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
5. ^ "Presidential Ballot of 1789". George Washington'due south Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon Ladies' Clan. Retrieved Oct 21, 2015.
6. ^ "George Washington's Inaugural Accost". The National Athenaeum. Retrieved Oct 4, 2015.
7. ^ "President Millard Fillmore, 1850". Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Retrieved 2009-01-23 .
8. ^ Glenn D. Kittler, Hail to the Chief!: The Inauguration Days of our Presidents, 1965, page 167.
9. ^ Porter H. Dale, "The Calvin Coolidge Inauguration Revisited: An Eyewitness Account by Congressman Porter H. Dale", Vermont History, 1994, Volume 62, pp. 214–222.
10. ^ "Adjuration Of Office: To Swear Or To Affirm". NPR.org. January 18, 2009.
11. ^ Bendat, Jim (2012). Democracy's Large Twenty-four hour period: The Inauguration of Our President, 1789–2013. iUniverse. pp. xi, 28, 36. ISBN978-1-935278-47-four.
12. ^ Consume, Wendy (July 1, 2016). "Quaker Presidents and the Adjuration of Role". renofriends.org. Reno Friends Quaker Meeting. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
13. ^ YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22.
14. ^ ^{a b} "The New Administration; President Arthur Formally Inaugurated". The New York Times. September 23, 1881.
15. ^ ^{a b c d} Time Mag, Mar. 25, 1929]. Retrieved 2009-01-23. ^{[ dead link ]}
16. ^ Herbert Hoover Takes the Oath of Function. February 6, 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22 – via YouTube.
17. ^ Franklin D. Roosevelt – Adjuration of function March quaternary, 1933. June nineteen, 2007. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22 – via YouTube.
18. ^ Harry S. Truman – Oath of office January 20th, 1949. June 19, 2007. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22 – via YouTube.
19. ^ http://www.stjohns1.org/portal/gwib "St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons".
20. ^ Articulation Congressional Committee on Inauguration Ceremonies website: "Inauguration of President George Washington, 1789". Retrieved 2009-02-16.
21. ^ McCullough, David (1992). Truman. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 347, 729. ISBN0-671-86920-five. Harry Truman is a notable instance, as he aptitude and kissed the Bible upon taking the adjuration for the beginning time, on April 12, 1945, as well every bit at his second inauguration.
22. ^ "Inaugural fun facts". Toledo, OH: WTOL.com. Retrieved 2010-08-07 .
23. ^ ^{a b} "Bibles Used in Inaugural Ceremonies". Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2015. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
24. ^ Kennon, Donald (2005). "Presidential Inaugurations By and Present". Retrieved 2006-12-06 .
25. ^ Glass, Andrew J. (February 26, 1967). "Catholic Church building Missal, Non Bible, Used by Johnson for Oath at Dallas" (PDF). The Washington Postal service . Retrieved June fifteen, 2014.
26. ^ Schumaker, Erin (January xx, 2021). "The significance of the Bible Joe Biden is using on Inauguration Twenty-four hour period". abcnews.get.com. ABC News Network. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
27. ^ "Georgia Constitution of 1777". GeorgiaInfo. University of Georgia Libraries. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2012-11-28 .
28. ^ "Intelligence in the War of Independence". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on December x, 2008. Retrieved Dec 26, 2008.
29. ^ "Oaths of Enlistment and Oaths of Office". U.Southward. Army Middle of Military History. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
30. ^ Judiciary Act of 1789, Sec. seven. Retrieved 2009-01-24.
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External links [edit]

• Forrest Church, Ph.D., "Did George Washington Say 'So Assistance Me God'?"
• Video on YouTube Video of inaugurations from Franklin D. Roosevelt – Barack H. Obama

littleberavi.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States